An Integrated Deposition and Passivation Strategy for Controlled Crystallization of 2D/3D Halide Perovskite Films.

This work introduces a simplified deposition procedure for multidimensional (2D/3D) perovskite thin films, integrating a phenethylammonium chloride (PEACl)-treatment into the antisolvent step when forming the 3D perovskite. This simultaneous deposition and passivation strategy reduces the number of synthesis steps while simultaneously stabilizing the halide perovskite film and improving the photovoltaic performance of resulting solar cell devices to 20.8%. Using a combination of multimodal in situ and additional ex situ characterizations, it is demonstrated that the introduction of PEACl during the perovskite film formation slows down the crystal growth process, which leads to a larger average grain size and narrower grain size distribution, thus reducing carrier recombination at grain boundaries and improving the device's performance and stability. The data suggests that during annealing of the wet film, the PEACl diffuses to the surface of the film, forming hydrophobic (quasi-)2D structures that protect the bulk of the perovskite film from humidity-induced degradation.

Comparing Pharmacological Potential of Freshwater Microalgae Carotenoids Towards Antioxidant and Anti-proliferative Activity on Liver Cancer (HUH7) Cell Line.

Chemical-based carotenoids have large implications to health as they may cause adverse side effects. Naturally occurring carotenoids mainly from microalgal sources are emerging as excellent substitute to combat cancer diseases. Astaxanthin is the most powerful antioxidant that derived from selected established microalgae with limited yield. Microalgal bioprospecting may provide the high-yielding sources for astaxanthin production. Hence, in the present research, freshwater microalgae Monoraphidium sp. (NCM no. 5585) and Scenedesmus obliquus (NCM no. 5586) were chosen to explore the unique potential of producing astaxanthin. Identification of bioactive metabolites in extracted carotenoid was analyzed through HPLC. Astaxanthin is identified as a major bioactive metabolite in both carotenoid fraction and ß carotene only in Scenedesmus obliquus. Antioxidant potential of microalgal carotenoids was obtained by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The anti-proliferation activity of the extracted carotenoid from Monoraphidium sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus was evaluated against hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line HUH7 by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Higher astaxanthin in Monoraphidium sp. leads to boosted antioxidant and anti-proliferation activity contrary to Scenedesmus obliquus that possess both astaxanthin and ß carotene. Though freshwater microalgae have a huge potential to create beneficial metabolites like carotenoids, they are rarely studied in the pharmaceutical industry. This work was the first to investigate the anti-proliferative activity of Monoraphidium sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus carotenoid fraction on the HUH7 hepatocarcinoma cell line.

Microalgae on distillery wastewater treatment for improved biodiesel production and cellulose nanofiber synthesis: A sustainable biorefinery approach.

Sugarcane spent wash generates waste at a large scale that impacts the environment, hence the classic waste reuse technology needs to be implemented. An integrated approach of spent wash and microalgae cultivation to produce biodiesel has gained momentum in recent times. However, the microalgae technology lacks the functional utilization of de-oiled microalgae biomass (DOB). This study proposed the development of a microalgae-based advanced process for distillery spent wash treatment, biomass recovery for biodiesel and utilizing algal residue as a step towards waste management. A novel microalga Coelastrella sp KJ-04 grown in distillery spent wash represented with high biomass (4.61g/L) and lipid production (3.6 g/L). The significant reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD, 49.3%), Total Nitrogen (TN, 49.7%), Total Phosphorous (TP, 21.8%), Total Organic Carbon (TOC, 40.2%), Total Sulphur (S, 37.2%) and Potassium (K, 42.5%) were achieved in spent wash. The extracted lipids of Coelastrella sp KJ-04 were converted to Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and examined by Gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to observe the suitability for biodiesel prospect. The de-oiled biomass (DOB) was utilized for the synthesis of Cellulose nanofibers (CNF), purified and estimated with a diameter ranging between 20 and 27 nm. The crystalline structure and functional group of CNF were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The unprecedented work demonstrated the microalgae biorefinery approach for spent wash remediation, biodiesel synthesis and simultaneous production of biodegradable CNF from algal residue to support waste-free technology. In future, CNF can be reinforced into material for concrete as it could be the smart alternative to replace synthetic cement plastics.

Algal biorefinery culminating multiple value-added products: recent advances, emerging trends, opportunities, and challenges.

Algal biorefinery is rising as a prominent solution to economically fulfill the escalating global requirement for nutrition, feed, fuel, and medicines. In recent years, scientific productiveness associated with microalgae-based studies has elaborated in multiplied aspects, while translation to the commercial level continues to be missing. The present microalgal biorefinery has a challenge in long-term viability due to escalated market price of algal-mediated biofuels and bioproducts. Advancements are required in a few aspects like improvement in algae processing, energy investment, and cost analysis of microalgae biorefinery. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the modern work by understanding the knowledge gaps and hotspots driving business scale up. The microalgae biorefinery integrated with energy-based products, bioactive and green compounds, focusing on a circular bioeconomy, is urgently needed. A detailed investigation of techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) is important to increase the market value of algal products. This review discusses the valorization of algal biomass for the value-added application that holds a sustainable approach and cost-competitive algal biorefinery. The current industries, policies, technology transfer trends, challenges, and future economic outlook are discussed. This study is an overview through scientometric investigation attempt to describe the research development contributing to this rising field.

Cultivation of microalgae on unhydrolysed waste molasses syrup using mass cultivation strategy for improved biodiesel.

High cultivation cost and low lipid yield are framed as a major bottleneck for the production of microalgae biodiesel. Hence, we first and foremost highlight a trophic mode transition, coupled with a combinatorial effect of organic carbon, nitrogen and light (C/N/L) on an isolated microalga Chlorococcum sp. SVF in a one pot tri-phasic intermittent feeding system by developing a lab scale Raceway tank (40L). Hitherto, waste molasses syrup without hydrolysis is unexplored in algal bioenergy arena. The direct utilisation capability of sucrose, served by waste unhydrolysed molasses syrup (WUMS), effectively modulates the intrinsic biochemical and physiological characteristics towards microalgae biomass and lipid assimilation. Response surface methodology-central composite design (RSM-CCD) tool has been employed to observe the cumulative impact of light irradiation and nutrient sources (carbon and nitrogen) on cellular stoichiometric analysis. Experimental results exhibit a potentially achievable biomass (18.88 g L-1) and lipid accumulation (80.34%) under the light intensity of 75.5 µmol m-2 s-1 with stepwise light attenuation strategy. Characterisation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) reveals the dominance of oleic acid (32.72%) and palmitic acid methyl esters (32.49%) in mixotrophic condition, which are considered as the upmost indicators of quality biodiesel. The biofuel properties were obtained in acquiescence with American and European standard. These findings are therefore a way forward towards the effective growth of Chlorococcum sp. SVF in sucrose rich inexpensive industrial waste stream that positively influences the lipid yield for large scale sustainable biodiesel production. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02823-7.

Exotic Hydrogel Matrix as an Efficient Platform for Sustainable Production of Biomass and Lipid from Chlorella sorokiniana.

Concerning the climate crisis, energy disaster, and greenhouse effects, microalgae have paved the way for consideration as a biofuel feed material. The advent of polymeric materials with unique architecture at nanoscale, in combination with microalgae, has given direction for the bioeconomic yield of highly valued compounds, essentially lipid. Herein, we discuss the paramount significance of exotic hydrogel matrix (HM) with efficient violet light absorption, far-red emission, CO2-adsorbing capability and catalyst-free condition that could increase the photosynthesis activity, alleviating the microalgal growth for the effective augmentation of lipid, protein, and chlorophyll. The intrinsic morphological and structural features of HM were revealed by a suite of characterizations that confirm its hollow tubular architecture. Fluorescence intensity measurement confirmed the electron transfer from HM to Chlorella sorokiniana, accelerating the photosynthetic rate for the improved production of lipids (98%), proteins (60%), and chlorophyll a (121%), compared to untreated C. sorokiniana control cells. Moreover, by visualizing the Nile red (NR) fluorescence response from C. sorokiniana/HM cells, a high lipid content was observed with a larger cell size (14.6 µm) compared to control cells (8.7 µm). Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), obtained from C. sorokiniana/HM, were noted with a large-scale volume of C16:C18 fatty acids (>80%). We, therefore, envisage that HM plays a significant role in enhancing the generation of lipids and proteins from C. sorokiniana. These outcomes assure a qualitative transit in the bioenergy domain.

Effect of Perovskite Thickness on Electroluminescence and Solar Cell Conversion Efficiency.

A hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite in a diode structure can lead to multifunctional device phenomena exhibiting both a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a solar cell and strong electroluminescence (EL) efficiency. Nonradiative losses in such multifunctional devices lead to an open circuit voltage (Voc) deficit, which is a limiting factor for pushing the efficiency toward the Shockley-Queisser limit. In this work, we analyze and quantify the radiative limit of Voc in a perovskite solar cell as a function of its absorber thickness. We correlate PCE and EL efficiency at varying thicknesses to understand the limiting factors for a high Voc. With a certain increase in perovskite thickness, PCE improves but EL efficiency is compromised and vice versa. Thus, correlating these two figures of merit of a solar cell guides the light management strategy together with minimizing nonradiative losses. The results demonstrate that maximizing absorption and emission processes remains paramount for optimizing devices.

Role of C/N ratio on microalgae growth in mixotrophy and incorporation of titanium nanoparticles for cell flocculation and lipid enhancement in economical biodiesel application.

Present study aimed to evaluate the influence of carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) on mixotrophic growth of microalgae and role of nanomaterial in cell recovery and lipid improvement. In this study, three microalgae species were isolated, screened from local freshwater body for lipid assimilation. The microalgae were identified as Chlorococcum sp., Scenedesmus sp., and Euglena sp. Mixotrophic cultivation of each microalgae strain using various organic carbon sources was preferred in contrast with photoautotrophic mode. Sucrose represented as the preeminent source for enhancing the microalgae biomass of 3.5 g/L and lipid content of 58.35%, which was a significant improvement as compared to control. Later, response surface methodology-central composite design (RSM-CCD), tool was employed to optimize the C/N ratio and demonstrated the maximum biomass production of 5.02 g/L along with the increased lipid content of 60.34%. Ti nanoparticles (Ti nps) were added to the culture for lipid enhancement in the stationary phase and biomass removal was performed by nanoparticle (np)-mediated flocculation technique. Optimized concentration of 15 ppm Ti nps determined the cell harvesting efficacy of 82.46% during 45 min of sedimentation time and 1.23-fold lipid enhancement was reported. Extracted lipid was converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by the process of transesterification and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Characterization of FAME revealed the presence of 56.31% of saturated fatty acid (SFA) and 29.06% unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) that could be processed towards sustainable biodiesel production. Hence, our results suggested that integration of mixotrophic cultivation and Ti nps emerged as a new cost-effective approach for biomass and lipid enhancement in microalgae Chlorococcum sp.

Study of subcellular localization of Glycine max γ-tocopherol methyl transferase isoforms in N. benthamiana.

Gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) converts γ-toc to α-toc-the rate limiting step in toc biosynthesis. Sequencing results revealed that the coding regions of γ-TMT1 and γ-TMT3 were strongly similar to each other (93% at amino acid level). Based on the differences in the N-terminal amino acids, Glycine max-γ-TMT proteins are categorized into three isoforms: γ-TMT1, 2 and 3. In silico structural analysis revealed the presence of chloroplast transit peptide (cTP) in γ-TMT1 and γ-TMT3 protein. However, other properties of transit peptide like presence of hydrophobic amino acids at the first three positions of N-terminal end and lower level of acidic amino acids were revealed only in γ-TMT3 protein. Subcellular localization of GFP fused γ-TMT1 and γ-TMT3 under 35S promoter was studied in Nicotiana benthamiana using confocal microscopy. Results showed that γ-TMT1 was found in the cytosol and γ-TMT3 was found to be localized both in cytosol and chloroplast. Further the presence γ-TMT3 in chloroplast was validated by quantifying α-tocopherol through UPLC. Thus the present study of cytosolic localization of the both γ-TMT1 and γ-TMT3 proteins and chloroplastic localization of γ-TMT3 will help to reveal the importance of γ-TMT encoded α-toc in protecting both chloroplastic and cell membrane from plant oxidative stress.

Role of silica coated magnetic nanoparticle on cell flocculation, lipid extraction and linoleic acid production from Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

In the present work, it has been observed that magnetic (Fe3O4) - silica core- shell nanoparticles helps in flocculation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells with simultaneous production of linoleic acid. The mean particle size in Dynamic light scattering (DLS) of the silica coated magnetic nanoparticle was estimated 444.7 nm. The characterization of nanoparticles was also performed by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). Apart from flocculation, it has been observed that in presence of magnetic silica core- shell nanoparticles the amount of lipid obtained was four times than that of control. On the contrary, in presence of these nanoparticles, linoleic acid (18:2) has been produced in Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells almost by 80% whereas, it has been noticed only 8.73% in control. This is the first report where the linoleic acid has been obtained as major component of microalgal fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) having important application in nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical sectors.

Analysis of γ-Tocopherol methyl transferase3 promoter activity and study of methylation patterns of the promoter and its gene body.

Soybeans are known for its good source of protein (40%), oil (20%) and also serve as a source of nutraceutical compounds including tocopherols (toc). To know the molecular basis of differential α-toc accumulation in two contrasting soybean genotypes: DS74 (low α-toc - 1.36 µg/g and total-toc -29.72 µg/g) and Bragg (high α-toc - 10.48 µg/g and total-toc 178.91 µg/g), the analysis of γ-TMT3 promoter activity and its methylation patterns were carried out. The sequencing results revealed nucleotide variation between Bragg:γ-TMT3-P and DS74:γ-TMT3-P, however none of the variations were found in core-promoter region or in cis-elements. The histochemical GUS assay revealed higher promoter activity of Bragg:γ-TMT3-P than that of DS74:γ-TMT3-P and correlated with significantly higher and lower (P < 0.05) expression of γ-TMT3 gene respectively. To know the molecular basis of differential accumulation of α-toc in these contrasting soybean genotypes, the DNA methylation pattern of γ-TMT3 gene body and its promoter was studied in both varieties. The results showed higher percentage (62.5%) of methylation in DS74:γ-TMT3-P than in Bragg:γ-TMT3-P (50%). Out of all the methylation sites in the promoter region, one of methylation site was found at CAAT box (-190 bp) of DS74:γ-TMT3-P. Further gene body methylation patterns revealed lowest % (40%) of CG methylation in DS74:γ-TMT3 gene as compared to Bragg:γ-TMT3 (64.2%). Thus our study revealed that, expression of γ-TMT3 gene was influenced by its promoter activity and methylation patterns in cis-elements of γ-TMT3 promoter and gene body. This study will help us to understand the possible role of methylation and promoter activity in determining the α-toc content in soybean seeds.

Application of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Molecules Derived from Microalgae toward Mild Steel Corrosion Inhibition in HCl Solution: A Novel Approach for Metal-Inhibitor Association.

Fatty acid molecules 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (C18:3), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (C18:2), and hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) possessing active functional groups with the capability of fast electron transfer have been established for effective corrosion inhibition of mild steel. In this regard, a microalga Scenedesmus sp. is isolated and its fatty acids have been studied to corroborate the adsorption behavior, attributing the anticorrosion efficacy on mild steel in 1 M HCl solution by forming metal-inhibitor framework. Electrochemical analysis has been used to ascertain the surpassing corrosion inhibition efficiency at an optimal concentration of 36 ppm with maximum 95.1% inhibitive performance. The results of metallography with or without the inhibitor molecules have indicated significant changes in surface morphology of mild steel specimen for gradual enhancement in immersion time (72 h). Hydrogen evolution reaction has been emphasized to observe the tendency of significant decrease in the bubble formation in the presence of inhibitor compared to 1 M HCl solution only. Surface morphometric studies (scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy) have also revealed the excellent adsorption capacity of Scenedesmus fatty acids on metal surface. Quantum chemical calculations, performed by density functional theory, determined significant adsorption effectiveness, based on the donor-acceptor capability between metallic surface and inhibitor molecules.

Lingual Based Four Cornered Flap for Third Molar Surgery.

PURPOSE: The aim of this prospective randomized clinical study was to compare the efficacy of lingual based four cornered flap with the commonly used triangular flap for impacted third molar surgery. METHODS: Ten patients with bilateral impacted third molars were randomly treated under local anaesthesia, one side with triangular flap and single layer closure (with 3-0 silk) and other side by raising lingual based four cornered flap and double layer closure, subcutaneously with 5-0 vicryl and mucosa with 3-0 silk. All patients were operated by single surgeon (A. Rai) and suture removal was done after 7 days. RESULTS: Healing by primary intension takes place when lingual flap and double layer suturing was done, also the patients had less pain, swelling and alveolar osteitis. The visibility was excellent with lingual flap and pocket formation distal to second molar was also less. The only drawback with lingual flap is that it required little less time in comparison to triangular flap. CONCLUSION: The lingual based four cornered flap is better than the triangular flap.

Enhanced red upconversion emission, magnetoluminescent behavior, and bioimaging application of NaSc0.75Er0.02Yb0.18Gd0.05F4@AuNPs nanoparticles.

The present study reports significant enhancement in the red upconversion emission of Er(3+) in NaSc0.8Er0.02Yb0.18F4 upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), via a two step process, (i) codoping of Gd(3+) ion at Sc(3+) site and (ii) attaching gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) at the surface of these codoped nanostructures, and further probes the use of these Gd:UCNPs@AuNPs for bioimaging application. The Gd(3+) codoping tailors the particle size (reduces) of UCNPs and bring out Er(3+)-Yb(3+) ion pair in close proximity, which promotes the cross relaxation mechanism and boosts the population in red emitting level (4)F9/2. Further, attachment of AuNPs on the surface of UCNPs gives 2-fold advantages, that is, reduction in green band (through resonance energy transfer with efficiency 31.54%) and enhancement in red band (through plasmonic effect). It gives red to green (R/G) ratio nearly 20:1 (almost single band red UC), which is quite promising for imaging application. In addition to this, codoping of Gd(3+) enhances the magnetic moment appreciably and the obtained magnetic moment for NaSc0.75Er0.02Yb0.18Gd0.05F4 UCNPs (∼1.7 emu/g) is close to the reported values for bioseparation in case of NPs. This shows the potential of the material for multimodal (optical and magnetic both) imaging application. These magnetoluminescence particles were found safe up to 1 mg/mL dose as assessed by cytotoxicity measurement in human cervical cancer (HeLa) and lung cancer (A549) cells. Ultrafine nanoparticles, transparent, and stable colloidal solution and the unique red UC emission endow these NPs as optical probe for imaging applications.

New perspective in garnet phosphor: low temperature synthesis, nanostructures, and observation of multimodal luminescence.

Herein, we report a new concept for garnet materials in terms of the synthesis of nanocrystalline structure at low temperatures and its multimodal luminescence processes. Terbium- and ytterbium-ion-codoped yttrium gallium garnet nanophosphors have been synthesized via solution combustion technique; nearly pure phase nanophosphor samples were obtained. The synthesized nanophosphor shows efficient multimodal upconversion (UC), downshifting (DS), and quantum cutting (QC)/downconversion (DC) luminescence, which is a new paradigm in garnet material. The garnet nanophosphor shows strong green emission through DS and UC processes both. Furthermore, cooperative energy transfer (CET) has been described in detail, and a possible mechanism for the QC process is also proposed. A UV/blue photon absorbed by Tb(3+) ion splits into two near-infrared photons (wavelength range 900-1040 nm), emitted by a Yb(3+) ion pair, with an efficiency of more than 100%. The Yb(3+) concentration dependent ET from Tb(3+) to Yb(3+) has been verified using time domain analysis. An ET efficiency as high as 28% and a corresponding QC efficiency of about 128% (for 15 mol % of Yb(3+) concentration) have been attained. Such a multimode emitting nanophosphor could be very useful in display devices and for enhancing the conversion efficiency of next generation solar cells via spectral modification etc.

Is buccal fat pad a better option than nasolabial flap for reconstruction of intraoral defects after surgical release of fibrous bands in patients with oral submucous fibrosis? A pilot study: a protocol for the management of oral submucous fibrosis.

PURPOSE: The aim this study was to compare the buccal fat pad (BFP) and nasolabial flap for reconstruction of intraoral defects after release of fibrous bands in patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a comparative study. The study sample was derived from the population of patients who presented, with restricted mouth opening of less than 20 mm, to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Swargiya Dada Saheb Kalmegh Dental College and Hospital Hingna Nagpur. The patients were divided into two groups. In Group I (n = 10) reconstruction was performed with a nasolabial flap and in Group II (n = 10) with BFP. Both groups were analysed separately for mouth opening (interincisal distance in millimetres) preoperatively and 20 months postoperatively, time taken for epithelialization of BFP and nasolabial flaps. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS statistical software for Windows, version 8.0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL) using the _2 test and Student's t test. RESULTS: In all 20 patients the interincisal mouth opening was (mean) 11 mm (3-19 mm) preoperatively which improved to a mean of 42 mm (23-52 mm). In Group I there were more complications as compared to Group II such as partial flap necrosis particularly at the tips, temporary widening of oral commissure and subluxation of TMJ. The unsightly extraoral scar and intraoral growth of hairs were not seen in Group II. CONCLUSION: BFP is the better choice for reconstruction in comparison to nasolabial flap.

Transoral removal of ectopic maxillary third molar situated superiorly to maxillary antrum and posteroinferiorly to the floor of orbit.

Only few cases of ectopic third molar in relation to the roof of maxillary sinus and posteroinferior to the floor of the orbit have been reported in the literature. The diagnosis is usually done by plain-film radiography. "Caldwell-Luc" operation or endoscopic procedures have been used for the removal of such type of ectopic tooth. We report a case of 46-year-old female patient who presented with pain, swelling and watering of eye due to the ectopic tooth. The trans oral removal (via "Caldwell-Luc" operation) of the ectopic maxillary third molar situated superior to maxillary antrum and posteroinferior to the floor of orbit has been described in this case without any complication.

Infrared to visible upconversion in Ho³+/Yb³+ co-doped Y2 O3 phosphor: effect of laser input power and external temperature.

In the present paper, Ho(3+) doped and Ho(3+)/Yb(3+) co-doped Y(2)O(3) phosphors have been synthesized using solution combustion technique and characterized for its structure and upconversion (UC) fluorescence as a function of Yb(3+) concentration. Effect of a variation in laser input power and external temperature on the UC emission intensity has been studied to explore the UC mechanism and temperature dependent behavior of the phosphor, respectively. On excitation with near infrared (NIR) light (976 nm), the phosphor emits strong green emission along with relatively weak emission bands in red and blue regions at 553, 670 and 497 nm due to (5)S(2)→(5)I(8), (5)F(5)→(5)I(8) and (5)F(3)→(5)I(8), respectively. The emission shows a decrease in intensity with an increase in external temperature, however contrary to the normal behavior of Ho(3+), no significant change in the FIR (fluorescence intensity ratio) of (5)F(4)→(5)I(8) and (5)S(2)→(5)I(8) transitions is noted in the present host. This peculiar behavior of the sample with external temperature has been explained by temperature dependent lifetime study of the thermally coupled levels.

Comparative assessment between eyelet wiring and direct interdental wiring for achieving intermaxillary fixation: a prospective randomized clinical study.

PURPOSE: The intention of this study was to compare the efficacy of eyelet wiring and direct interdental (Gilmer) wiring for achieving intermaxillary fixation (IMF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a prospective randomized clinical trial. The study sample was derived from the population of patients who underwent IMF at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, India, between October 2008 and September 2010. The time required for placement and removal (in minutes) was compared between the eyelet wiring and direct interdental wiring techniques. Postoperative stability after achieving IMF was analyzed in the 2 groups. The plaque accumulation in both groups was evaluated using the Turesky-Gilmore-Glickman modification of the Quigley-Hein plaque index. Complications in the form of soft tissue injury, glove puncture, and trauma to the operator's finger were also recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS statistical software for Windows, version 8.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL) using the χ(2) test and Student t test. RESULTS: The mean working time for placement and removal of eyelet wiring (group I) was 18.00 minutes and 9.67 minutes, respectively. For direct interdental wiring (group II), it was 30.50 minutes and 23.12 minutes, respectively. The mean plaque index values were 1.78 and 2.54 for groups I and II, respectively, which signifies a higher plaque deposition in group II. No occlusal disturbance was seen in either group. The incidences of glove perforation, soft tissue trauma, and trauma to the operator's finger were higher in group II. CONCLUSIONS: Eyelet wiring is preferable to direct interdental wiring as evidenced by fewer complications, and requires a shorter operating time in patients with minimally displaced fractures.